A recent study published in JAMA found that caffeine consumption during pregnancy may impact child growth. The study found that pregnant women who consumed caffeine had children who were shorter in stature in early childhood, Medical News Today reports.
Recommendations during pregnancy
The data on caffeine intake during pregnancy is mixed.
Some evidence suggests that caffeine may harm certain aspects of pregnancy. However, some caffeine intake may be fine and not cause adverse health impacts.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists considers less than 200 milligrams of caffeine during pregnancy safe.
Dr Monte Swarup, a board-certified OB-GYN and founder of the nutrition supplement company HPD Rx, not involved in the study, told Medical News Today:
“Current recommendations for caffeine intake are based on research that suggests less than 200 mg or the equivalent of one 12-ounce cup of coffee, per day. It’s important to note caffeine consumption can contribute to light-headedness, nausea, and interrupt sleep.”
Dr Julia Arnold VanRooyen, a board-certified gynaecological surgeon, noted that pregnant people should generally limit their caffeine consumption to less than 200mg [per] day.
“Women should always discuss any questions and concerns they have with their doctor; their physician can inform them of existing general guidelines and make any specific recommendations for a given patient, based on their unique history,” she told MNT.
Does caffeine in pregnancy impact a child’s development?
The new study examined caffeine intake during pregnancy and its impact on child growth.
Researchers examined a historical cohort of mothers between 1959 and 1965 and children between 1960 and 1974. They then studied a more recent cohort of mothers and children between 2009 and 2013 and 2017 and 2019.
Researchers measured concentrations of caffeine and paraxanthine—a metabolite of caffeine—in the pregnant person’s blood during the first trimester of pregnancy. They then looked at children’s heights up to age 8.
The analysis indicated that caffeine consumption during pregnancy was associated with shorter children later in life.
The difference was distinct, amounting to about a 2-centimetre height difference between children whose mothers had caffeine and children whose mothers did not.
Study author Jessica Gleason, PhD, MPH, explained key points of the research to MNT: “The main takeaway is that even low exposure to caffeine during pregnancy was associated with shorter height in childhood. There have only been a handful of studies that are similar to ours, and none have really evaluated height separately from overall BMI. Considering prior research, I was surprised that we found no association between caffeine exposure during pregnancy and child weight but a consistent association between caffeine and child height even up until age 8.”
Implications of height differences caused by caffeine
The full impact of the study’s recorded height differences on children’s overall health remains unclear.
“Strong implications are demonstrating maternal consumption of caffeine of even less than 200 mg per day is associated with smaller child growth,” Dr Swarup said.
“This is beginning at age four and persists to age 8. The implications of the height difference need further research.”
Dr. Gleason added that shorter height could lead to further health problems if they persist into adulthood.
“The clinical implications of this work are unclear because the height differences we observed are so small,” she said.
“It would be important to determine whether height differences persist beyond childhood, as shorter height in adulthood has been associated with a higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.”
Study limitations and future research
Overall, the study’s results indicate that caffeine during pregnancy may influence children’s height, but several limitations must be considered.
First, there is a risk of confounding factors researchers did not consider, such as other aspects of maternal diet.
“While providing many insights, there needs to be more information and research around the mother’s diet, paternal height, and other confounding factors,” Dr Swarup noted.
In addition, since some of the data is from the historical pregnancy cohort, researchers cannot fully account for historical and societal factors that may have impacted pregnancy.
The study also had limited data collection in some areas. For example, children’s height measurements were only taken once in the modern-day cohort.
Dr Gleason noted that looking at longer-term follow-up would be a helpful component of further research.
While waiting for long-term follow-up in this area, pregnant people can still take steps to ensure healthy pregnancy outcomes.
Anyone expecting a child may choose to regularly communicate with their doctors and other specialists as they decide how to handle caffeine intake during pregnancy, taking any potential risks into account.
